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Besides climatic change, current demographic trends, economic development and related land use changes are exerting pressures and have direct impacts on increasing demands for water resources and their vulnerability. Water resources in arid mountain regions, such as Al Jabal Al Akhdar northern Sultanate of Oman, are vulnerable to the potential adverse impacts of environmental and climate change. Retrieved 6 December 2018.Climate change and its consequences present one of the most important threats to water resources systems which are vulnerable to such changes due to their limited adaptive capacity. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Allow Access to Detained Women Activists".^ "EU, US Leaders Should Publicly Condemn Human Rights Violations"."Imprisoned Father of Autistic Boy Called "the Bravest Man in Saudi Arabia" ". ^ "Saudi Arabia: The Working Group of the United Nations describes the detention of Abdel Rahman Samara as arbitrary".^ "Saudi Arabia: Opinion on the arbitrary detention of Mr."Secret Police Crackdown on Founders of First Political Party". ^ "Saudi Arabia: Dispensing a Peaceful Demonstration after Assaulting Prisoner's Wife and Four of Her Children due to A video Segment".^ Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: A Deafening Silence (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, December 2001).
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^ "Human Rights and Saudi Arabia's Counterterrorism Response - Religious Counseling, Indefinite Detention and Flawed Trials" (PDF).Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah – Saudi Arabian external security agency.Reportedly, the men who tortured these women were from “cyber security” – a reference to officers working under Saud al-Qahtani, who was fired for his involvement in the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. According to the Human Rights Watch report, women activists – who have been detained since May 2018 – were taken to Dhahban and tortured in a room called an “officer’s guesthouse”. Political prisoners living in exile have testified that Mabahith agents used illegal interrogation methods and tortured political dissidents who were being held arbitrarily in the prison.ĭhahban Central Prison is used for arbitrary detention. As of June 2011, arbitrarily detained prisoners apparently include five founding members of a would-be political party, the Umma Islamic Party, and Khaled al-Johani, who publicly protested in Riyadh on the 11 March "Day of Rage" during the 2011 Saudi Arabian protests. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has objected to arbitrary detention at Mabahith's prison. Mabahith runs the ʽUlaysha Prison in Riyadh, where it holds prisoners under arbitrary detention. The Mabahith have conducted classified interviews as well as interrogations of high profile Al-Qaeda members being held in the prison. Prisons Al-Ha'ir Prison Īl-Haa'ir Prison is a Mabahith-affiliated prison. Sampson and others lost their case in the UK High Court when the Saudis used the State Immunity Act 1978 as their defence. Two members in particular, Khalid al-Saleh and Ibrahim al-Dali, were named by William Sampson in his court action against the Saudi government. Members of the Mabahith were allegedly responsible for the torture of Western detainees arrested during a car bombing campaign which started in 2000. Mabahith agents operate with impunity and have been responsible for a wide range of human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrest, incommunicado detention, and torture" including waterboarding, denailing, flagellation and beatings, amongst other forms of severe abuse. Īccording to Human Rights Watch, the Mabahith "monitors suspected political opponents and others, targets individuals for arrest, and interrogates detainees. The organization has been criticized by the United Nations, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. The Mabahith have been used by the government of Saudi Arabia to monitor political opposition and individuals they deem to be threatening to Saudi society. Officially, the Mabahith are to turn over arrested individuals to the Saudi courts for sentencing. The Mabahith has conducted a wide variety of security operations that have led to the arrest of high profile terrorists, and opposition members that caused internal unrest. The officers of the Mabahith have delegated powers to investigate, survey, and detain individuals who are deemed to be "threats to national security". The Saudi Mabahith ( Arabic: المباحث العامة, al-Mabāḥiṯ al-ʿĀmmah, General Investigation Directorate), also spelled Mabaheth, is the secret police agency of the Presidency of State Security in Saudi Arabia, and deals with domestic security and counter-intelligence. General officer AbdulAziz bin Mohammed Al-Howairini, Director.